Earth's Habitable Zone
The habitable zone is a
donut-shaped area around the Sun that may extend from 95% to 137% of
Earth's orbital radius (1 AU). If a giant rocket engine could
slow the Earth to 0.9 AU, the oceans
would vaporize. If it could accelerate us out to 1.4 AU, they would
freeze. Astronomers believe
the habitable zone varies with the square root of the Sun's luminosity.
If the ancient Sun had
1/10th of its modern brightness, the habitable zone would be closer
than Mercury is today. If the
Sun were to continually change its size and brilliance, the habitable
zone would need to keep
shifting throughout Earth's history.
Creationist
s usually believe that God
placed the earth at the fixed distance that sustains life. Yet
the Bible, in the Hebrew
language, uses
verbs and nouns that describe continuously changing
orbits in several
passages. For example, in Genesis 1:17 God set
(incomplete action) the Sun,
Moon and stars in the shamayim raqiya. The verb
form of raqiya is raqa:
to spread out, stamp out,
stretch out or beat out. Since raqiya is a noun, it is the
place that
is spreading out or stretching out
and shamayim raiqya is the spreading out heavens. Literally, on the
fourth day God incompletely
placed the Sun, Moon and Stars in the heavenly
spreading out place. One
would expect from this
creation passage that the stars, Earth and lunar orbits all gradually
spiral outward.
- All ancient
people remembered the shattering of a great planet at close range. The
pagan poets
described this event graphically as though it happened at close range.
Job and Isaiah also
described the shattering using similar words. Thousands of asteroids
and comets orbit the Sun.
They often contain volcanic rocks, high temperature crystals,
limestone-like deposits and ice (on comets) a
s though they came from a
shattered, watery planet.
The asteroid Eros had
concentric rings around flat dust ponds. The dust rings encircle the
lowest point in valleys -
ponds that evaporated leaving the desiccated mud. * Asteroids and
comets
also have irregular
shapes - visibly made of solid rock.
- Spacecraft
discovered that Mars once had branching river streams that emptied into
a vast
northern ocean. The rover Opportunity found rocks that formed in liquid
water on the Meridiani
plain. The rover Spirit found powdered silica deposited by an ancient
hot spring. The Phoenix
lander sat down on a frozen sea covered with a thin dust crust. Mars
today is so cold that its
water is either underground or under layers of frozen CO2 or dust.
Venus once had water that is
now bound up in sulfuric acid clouds. Today, lead melts on Venus'
surface. If the Earth
remained habitable because it is in an unchanging sweet spot, why have
the planets on either side
of us changed so radically? The nearest sun ward planet is now an
inferno and the nearest
outboard one became a frozen desert.
- Ancient
astronomers kept on measuring a smaller solar parallax than their
predecessors, as
though the earth's orbit were gradually spiraling outward. (Parallax is
a method of measuring
distance - optically.) Fifty years ago scientists calculated a
canonical distance to the Sun with
radar. Yet recent Martian oppositions and the Venus transit optically
showed an expanding solar
system. Ptolemy, 1850 years ago, measured angular planet position on
specific dates. His
observations have "errors" when compared to our calculations. Yet all
his alleged errors cancel
so his mathematical system worked. He could not have faked the
observations without a digital
computer. His observations fit a smaller solar system.
- We actually
see the past in the distant heavens - exactly as it was long ago. We
observe that
primordial galaxies were naked, without arms or diffuse structure. At
closer ranges we observe
discrete globs packed with stars in
equally spaced chains around the
nuclei. At many ranges, we
observe how those globular clusters spread out, accelerated out,
rotated outward as billions of
galaxies grew into huge, dusty, growth-spirals. ** We also observe that
closer galaxies have faster
atomic clock frequencies than ancient ones. Visibly, the clocks and the
orbits accelerate together
as the stars spiral outward in defiance of every law of science. We can
verify that even local
clocks accelerate. Scientists sent calibrated clocks out of the solar
system on the Pioneer
spacecraft. Their clocks, as observed in the radio signals, continued
to slow down the farther they
were from Earth. This did not correlate with Doppler (speed) but with
distance. If all clocks
always accelerate, the ones that transmitted from the past would appear
slower than local clocks,
which is what we observe.
If distant orbits
visibly accelerate outward, then the ancient accounts of close planet
passages and
collisions are reasonable. The ancients even mentioned the horns of
Venus and which way they
pointed. Today, we never see the horns of Venus without telescopes and
special filters. Venus
has a synchronous rotation so that each time it passes, it closely
points the same side towards
Earth. This suggests that Venus and Earth interacted tidally in the
past.
What mechanism could
account for accelerating orbits? The universe is so vast that, at many
ranges, we observe cosmic history back to the creation era. Not a
single distant galaxy shone with
the light of perpetual motion atoms. No constants are observed
anywhere. We see how galactic
disk stars and dust continually accelerate outward. The properties of
all matter are observed to
change relationally throughout cosmic history.
Relational
changes are not
measurable with measuring units contrived with the assumption that
atoms are perpetual motion machines. No perpetual motion atoms
gleam from hundreds of
billions of ancient galaxies. The evidence for relational changes in
all matter is visible, even
locally. Three times the Old Testament mentions that the earth expands,
spreads out, in unbroken
continuity. The evidence that the primordial earth was minuscule - is
visible. The continents only
fit together on a tiny globe. A global expansion seam runs through
every ocean where volcanic
sea-floor continually hardens. Two thirds of the Earth's crust was
formed since the continents
separated. The theory of subduction is contradicted by the layered,
undisturbed sediments in the
alleged "subduction zones."
If
Earth's orbit
continually accelerates, why isn't the Earth frozen like Mars? Why is
our orbit the
habitable zone? When matter changes its properties, the size and
luminosity of the Sun, Earth's
size, orbital radius and rotation rate all increment together. Only one
habitable zone can exist in
the solar system. Why does the Earth remain in this zone even as the
zone moves along with the
changing properties of matter? Isaiah 45:18 "For thus says the
LORD, who created the heavens
(He is the God who formed the earth and made it, He established it and
did not create it a waste
place, but formed it to be inhabited), 'I am the LORD, and there is
none else.'"
The Creator continues to
preserve the earth in the habitable-zone. Think about it.
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* Photo of dust ponds on Eros are from NASA - taken with the spacecraft
NEAR Shoemaker as it orbited the asteroid.
** This is part of NASA Hubble Ultra Deep Field - primordial galaxy
HUDF 4091. Notice the
red spherical core with a stream of blue star globs beginning to form
the arms of a spiral galaxy.
This document is under a Creative Commons License by Victor
McAllister.
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Last modified on March 23, 2009