Earth's Habitable Zone

The habitable zone is a donut-shaped area around the Sun that may extend from 95% to 137% of Earth's orbital radius (1 AU). If a giant rocket engine could slow the Earth to 0.9 AU, the oceans would vaporize. If it could accelerate us out to 1.4 AU, they would freeze. Astronomers believe the habitable zone varies with the square root of the Sun's luminosity. If the ancient Sun had 1/10th of its modern brightness, the habitable zone would be closer than Mercury is today. If the Sun were to continually change its size and brilliance, the habitable zone would need to keep shifting throughout Earth's history.

Creationist
A changing habitable zone.s usually believe that God placed the earth at the fixed distance that sustains life. Yet the Bible, in the Hebrew language, uses verbs and nouns that describe continuously changing orbits in several passages. For example, in Genesis 1:17 God set (incomplete action) the Sun, Moon and stars in the shamayim raqiya. The verb form of raqiya is raqa: to spread out, stamp out, stretch out or beat out. Since raqiya is a noun, it is the place that is spreading out or stretching out and shamayim raiqya is the spreading out heavens. Literally, on the fourth day God incompletely placed the Sun, Moon and Stars in the heavenly spreading out place. One would expect from this creation passage that the stars, Earth and lunar orbits all gradually spiral outward.

  1. All ancient people remembered the shattering of a great planet at close range. The pagan poets described this event graphically as though it happened at close range. Job and Isaiah also described the shattering using similar words. Thousands of asteroids and comets orbit the Sun. They often contain volcanic rocks, high temperature crystals, limestone-like deposits and ice (on comets) aDried ponds on Eross though they came from a shattered, watery planet. The asteroid Eros had concentric rings around flat dust ponds. The dust rings encircle the lowest point in valleys - ponds that evaporated leaving the desiccated mud. * Asteroids and comets also have irregular shapes - visibly made of solid rock.
  2. Spacecraft discovered that Mars once had branching river streams that emptied into a vast northern ocean. The rover Opportunity found rocks that formed in liquid water on the Meridiani plain. The rover Spirit found powdered silica deposited by an ancient hot spring. The Phoenix lander sat down on a frozen sea covered with a thin dust crust. Mars today is so cold that its water is either underground or under layers of frozen CO2 or dust. Venus once had water that is now bound up in sulfuric acid clouds. Today, lead melts on Venus' surface. If the Earth remained habitable because it is in an unchanging sweet spot, why have the planets on either side of us changed so radically? The nearest sun ward planet is now an inferno and the nearest outboard one became a frozen desert.
  3. Ancient astronomers kept on measuring a smaller solar parallax than their predecessors, as though the earth's orbit were gradually spiraling outward. (Parallax is a method of measuring distance - optically.) Fifty years ago scientists calculated a canonical distance to the Sun with radar. Yet recent Martian oppositions and the Venus transit optically showed an expanding solar system. Ptolemy, 1850 years ago, measured angular planet position on specific dates. His observations have "errors" when compared to our calculations. Yet all his alleged errors cancel so his mathematical system worked. He could not have faked the observations without a digital computer. His observations fit a smaller solar system.
  4. We actually see the past in the distant heavens - exactly as it was long ago. We observe that primordial galaxies were naked, without arms or diffuse structure. At closer ranges we observe Galaxy 4491 in the Hubble Ultra Deepdiscrete globs packed with stars in equally spaced chains around the nuclei. At many ranges, we observe how those globular clusters spread out, accelerated out, rotated outward as billions of galaxies grew into huge, dusty, growth-spirals. ** We also observe that closer galaxies have faster atomic clock frequencies than ancient ones. Visibly, the clocks and the orbits accelerate together as the stars spiral outward in defiance of every law of science. We can verify that even local clocks accelerate. Scientists sent calibrated clocks out of the solar system on the Pioneer spacecraft. Their clocks, as observed in the radio signals, continued to slow down the farther they were from Earth. This did not correlate with Doppler (speed) but with distance. If all clocks always accelerate, the ones that transmitted from the past would appear slower than local clocks, which is what we observe.
If distant orbits visibly accelerate outward, then the ancient accounts of close planet passages and collisions are reasonable. The ancients even mentioned the horns of Venus and which way they pointed. Today, we never see the horns of Venus without telescopes and special filters. Venus has a synchronous rotation so that each time it passes, it closely points the same side towards Earth. This suggests that Venus and Earth interacted tidally in the past.

What mechanism could account for accelerating orbits? The universe is so vast that, at many ranges, we observe cosmic history back to the creation era. Not a single distant galaxy shone with the light of perpetual motion atoms. No constants are observed anywhere. We see how galactic disk stars and dust continually accelerate outward. The properties of all matter are observed to change relationally throughout cosmic history.

Relational changes are not measurable with measuring units contrived with the assumption that atoms are perpetual motion machines. No perpetual motion atoms gleam from hundreds of billions of ancient galaxies. The evidence for relational changes in all matter is visible, even locally. Three times the Old Testament mentions that the earth expands, spreads out, in unbroken continuity. The evidence that the primordial earth was minuscule - is visible. The continents only fit together on a tiny globe. A global expansion seam runs through every ocean where volcanic sea-floor continually hardens. Two thirds of the Earth's crust was formed since the continents separated. The theory of subduction is contradicted by the layered, undisturbed sediments in the alleged "subduction zones."

If Earth's orbit continually accelerates, why isn't the Earth frozen like Mars? Why is our orbit the habitable zone? When matter changes its properties, the size and luminosity of the Sun, Earth's size, orbital radius and rotation rate all increment together. Only one habitable zone can exist in the solar system. Why does the Earth remain in this zone even as the zone moves along with the changing properties of matter? Isaiah 45:18 "For thus says the LORD, who created the heavens (He is the God who formed the earth and made it, He established it and did not create it a waste place, but formed it to be inhabited), 'I am the LORD, and there is none else.'"

The Creator continues to preserve the earth in the habitable-zone. Think about it.


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* Photo of dust ponds on Eros are from NASA - taken with the spacecraft NEAR Shoemaker as it orbited the asteroid.
** This is part of NASA Hubble Ultra Deep Field - primordial galaxy HUDF 4091. Notice the red spherical core with a stream of blue star globs beginning to form the arms of a spiral galaxy.

This document is under a Creative Commons License by Victor McAllister. What does that mean?
Last modified on March 23, 2009