Gravitation and Time Part 4
Last year, Dr. Erik Verlinde shocked th
e physics community by claiming that gravity is emergent;
it does not actually exist. Verlinde asserts that
gravitational motions arise from entropy differences at the microscopic level.
(An increase in disorder and randomness is an increase in
entropy). One fact supports Verlinde. No one has ever detected
time, mass, energy or gravity. They are
defined with assumptions and are never found as isolated
entities. Emergent properties have no actual existence but
emerge from the interplay of subatomic phenomena that are
mysterious and unknowable. If
the fundamentals of physics are non fundamental, emerging from
quantum quagmires, what causes orderly, clock-like orbits?
Are clocks really linear?
The only way to test
the linearity of clocks is to compare modern clocks and orbits
with distant, former ones. NASA monitored the radio
frequencies from the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft as they exited
the solar system in opposite directions. Dr. John Anderson, from
JPL, noticed that as the Pioneer’s got farther from Earth, their
radio signals (derived from on board clocks) clocked lower
frequencies than expected. Anderson noticed similar distance
related frequency shifts from the Ulysses and Galileo
spacecraft. One possibility is that all clocks (including NASA’s
hydrogen maser clocks) accelerated by 1.5 Hz during 7.5 years of
Pioneer tracking. The decline in the observed frequencies with
increasing distance was close to the Hubble constant, H0, times
the speed of light (velocity of radio signals). Scientists claim
that the vacuum of space is expanding at a rate expressed by H0.
Allegedly, ancient atomic clocks are observed to clock lower
frequencies because their spectra was stretched by the expansion
of space. The clock signals
from nearby spaceships slowing with increasing distance at
approximately the same rate as the spectra from distant
galaxies suggests
that all clocks are accelerating. Yet the Pioneer anomaly does
not seem to affect clock-like planet orbits.
Why are planet orbits clock-like? The only history that
is visible as it happened is galactic history. Astronomers
classify galaxies according to their shapes. We observe that
many ancient galaxies were naked, without starry appendages. At
closer ranges we observe bluish globs, like beads on a necklace,
surrounding the redder cores. Evidently
as the stars accelerated out from primordial cores, their
atoms increased their spectral frequencies. At many closer
ranges we observe that the globs continued to accelerate out,
rotating out, spreading out, forming the dusty continuous arms
of innumerable, local, growth spirals.
What causes the gravitational phenomena? The accelerating orbits
cannot be explained by linear clocks and fixed gravity theories.
What we observe suggests that the gravitational phenomena
emerges (changes) as the properties of matter also change. Both
Newton and Einstein imagined that matter does perpetually
unchanging work on distant objects without any changes in the
matter itself.
An elephant, today, seems the largest land animal
possible. Yet we find the bones of massive dinosaurs that should
weigh a hundred tons if they were alive today. Could ancient
dinosaurs run because ancient atoms produced a smaller
gravitation effect than modern ones? Could the Egyptians build
huge pyramids with limestone blocks that weighed less than they
do today? A scientists might claim, we measure gravity and it
does not change. It is impossible to measure anything except
ratios, without relying totally on the assumption that the
properties of matter are fixed. Why then did the Babylonians
find that Jupiter’s rose before dawn in the east every 399 earth
days, which we also observe? How could the Babylonians know that
Jupiter cycled through the entire ecliptic in 4332 days - as we
also do? All we can measure is ratios. We never actually measure
any time. When everything changes together, relationally, the
ratios stay about the same even as the orbits (years) and
rotations (days) both continue to accelerate.
A scientists might insist that we measure linear seconds
with great precision. No! Scientists invented definitions,
measuring units and clock-based mathematics with their
historical first principle that the essence of substance is
changeless. If the properties
of matter are emerging and the gravitational effects result
from changing matter, then clocks and orbits would both change together.
Mathematically the orbits would seem clock-like - yet optically
the parallax to the sun would continue to decrease. Since the
early Greeks, astronomers have continued to record a decreasing
optical parallax to the Sun. Even in the 21st century the
optical distance to the sun during the 2004 Venus transit and
the 2003 Mars opposition - both showed a solar system
considerably bigger than the clock based radar values from forty
years ago. Optically our solar system keeps on expanding.
Optically, we observe how countless galaxies grew from the
insides outward in violation of perpetual motion theories of
gravity. Evidently the gravitational phenomena continues to
change, emerging, as atoms continue to change relationally.
Biblical cosmic history is confirmed in the simple
evidence that matter keeps on changing its properties as the
stars continued to come out from the cores of countless
galaxies.
The picture is a composite of quasar 3C 273 from NASA’s Hubble,
Chandra X-ray and Spitzer infrared telescopes. X-rays are shown in
blue and infrared with red. The quasar is the bright glob at the
top left that shines at 86 % of the frequencies of modern atoms.
Notice that the pulsed jet does not bend as it emerges, as though
the core had minimum gravitational effects on the jet. The atoms
in the jet also keep changing spectral colors as they emerge.
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Last modified July 24, 2010